
Lesley Rees
et al.
Published online:
01 March 2019
Published in print:
01 February 2019
Online ISBN:
9780191826863
Print ISBN:
9780198784272
Contents
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Disorders of sodium and water: basic principles Disorders of sodium and water: basic principles
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Disorders of sodium and water: hypernatraemia Disorders of sodium and water: hypernatraemia
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Definition Definition
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Clinical signs and symptoms Clinical signs and symptoms
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Investigations Investigations
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Management of hypernatraemic dehydration Management of hypernatraemic dehydration
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Management of hypernatraemia due to salt excess Management of hypernatraemia due to salt excess
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Disorders of sodium and water: hyponatraemia Disorders of sodium and water: hyponatraemia
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Definition Definition
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Definition of terms Definition of terms
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Investigations Investigations
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Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
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Definition Definition
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Causes of SIADH Causes of SIADH
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Emergency management Emergency management
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Non-emergency management Non-emergency management
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With water excess With water excess
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With salt deficiency With salt deficiency
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Disorders of potassium: basic principles Disorders of potassium: basic principles
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Disorders of potassium: hyperkalaemia Disorders of potassium: hyperkalaemia
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Causes of true hyperkalaemia Causes of true hyperkalaemia
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Glomerular filtration rate <15 mL/min/1.73 m2 Glomerular filtration rate <15 mL/min/1.73 m2
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Glomerular filtration rate >15 mL/min/1.73 m2 Glomerular filtration rate >15 mL/min/1.73 m2
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Causes for impaired potassium secretion Causes for impaired potassium secretion
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Clinical features Clinical features
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ECG changes ECG changes
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Disorders of potassium: hypokalaemia Disorders of potassium: hypokalaemia
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Clinical features Clinical features
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ECG changes ECG changes
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Investigations Investigations
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Laboratory and radiological investigations guided by clinical suspicion Laboratory and radiological investigations guided by clinical suspicion
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Assessment Assessment
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Treatment Treatment
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Reference Reference
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Reference Reference
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Disorders of calcium: basic principles Disorders of calcium: basic principles
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Disorders of calcium: hypercalcaemia Disorders of calcium: hypercalcaemia
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Definition Definition
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Causes Causes
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Investigation Investigation
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Investigations to be considered in all cases Investigations to be considered in all cases
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Investigations to be considered in select cases Investigations to be considered in select cases
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Assessment Assessment
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Treatment Treatment
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Disorders of calcium: hypocalcaemia Disorders of calcium: hypocalcaemia
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Definition Definition
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Causes Causes
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Neonatal Neonatal
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Older children Older children
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Assessment Assessment
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Treatment Treatment
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Acute symptomatic hypocalcaemia Acute symptomatic hypocalcaemia
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Chronic hypocalcaemia Chronic hypocalcaemia
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Disorders of magnesium: basic principles Disorders of magnesium: basic principles
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Disorders of magnesium: hypermagnesaemia Disorders of magnesium: hypermagnesaemia
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Definition Definition
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Causes Causes
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Investigations Investigations
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Disorders of magnesium: hypomagnesaemia Disorders of magnesium: hypomagnesaemia
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Definition Definition
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Causes Causes
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Increased renal excretion Increased renal excretion
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Decreased intestinal absorption Decreased intestinal absorption
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Decreased intake Decreased intake
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Endocrine causes Endocrine causes
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Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Investigations Investigations
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Treatment Treatment
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Disorders of phosphate: basic principles Disorders of phosphate: basic principles
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Disorders of phosphate: hyperphosphataemia Disorders of phosphate: hyperphosphataemia
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Definition Definition
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Causes Causes
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Decreased renal excretion Decreased renal excretion
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Intracellular release Intracellular release
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Increased absorption Increased absorption
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Endocrine causes Endocrine causes
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Investigations Investigations
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Management Management
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Disorders of phosphate: hypophosphataemia Disorders of phosphate: hypophosphataemia
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Definition Definition
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Causes Causes
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Increased renal excretion Increased renal excretion
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Increased intracellular uptake Increased intracellular uptake
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Decreased absorption Decreased absorption
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Endocrine causes Endocrine causes
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Investigations Investigations
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Management Management
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Disorders of acid–base balance: basic principles Disorders of acid–base balance: basic principles
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Disorders of acid–base balance: acidosis Disorders of acid–base balance: acidosis
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Definition Definition
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Treatment Treatment
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Renal tubular acidosis Renal tubular acidosis
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Proximal renal tubular acidosis Proximal renal tubular acidosis
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Distal renal tubular acidosis Distal renal tubular acidosis
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Genetics of renal tubular acidosis Genetics of renal tubular acidosis
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Treatment of dRTA Treatment of dRTA
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Disorders of acid–base balance: alkalosis Disorders of acid–base balance: alkalosis
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Definition Definition
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Causes Causes
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Chapter
6 C6Electrolyte and acid–base disorders
Get access
Pages
C6–C6.P505
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Published:February 2019
Cite
Rees, Lesley, and others, 'Electrolyte and acid–base disorders', Paediatric Nephrology, 3 edn, Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Paediatrics (Oxford , 2019; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 Mar. 2019), https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0006, accessed 6 May 2025.
Abstract
The kidneys are tasked with maintaining electrolyte and acid–base homeostasis. This means that the kidneys adjust urinary excretion, so that the concentrations of the various electrolytes in the plasma are maintained in the normal range. In this chapter, the various electrolyte and acid–base disorders are discussed with an emphasis on the underlying physiological principles. Recognition of these principles is critical, as correct identification of the underlying problem is key to adequate treatment.
Keywords:
hyponatraemia, hypernatraemia, hypokalaemia, hyperkalaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypercalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypermagnesaemia, hypophosphataemia, hyperphosphataemia, acidosis, alkalosis
Subject
Paediatrics
Collection:
Oxford Medicine Online
Disclaimer
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct.
Readers must therefore always …
More
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct.
Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets
provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or
legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages
and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breastfeeding.
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