
Lesley Rees
et al.
Published online:
01 March 2019
Published in print:
01 February 2019
Online ISBN:
9780191826863
Print ISBN:
9780198784272
Contents
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Background and pathophysiology Background and pathophysiology
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Background Background
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Pathophysiology Pathophysiology
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Early detection of AKI Early detection of AKI
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Paediatric RIFLE (pRIFLE) and KDIGO criteria Paediatric RIFLE (pRIFLE) and KDIGO criteria
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Causes Causes
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Pre-renal AKI Pre-renal AKI
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Renal AKI Renal AKI
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Post-renal AKI Post-renal AKI
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AKI in neonates AKI in neonates
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Further reading Further reading
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Further reading Further reading
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Haemolytic uraemic syndrome: definitions Haemolytic uraemic syndrome: definitions
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Definitions Definitions
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Notes on terminology Notes on terminology
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Assessment and investigations: history, examination, and initial resuscitation Assessment and investigations: history, examination, and initial resuscitation
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Important points in the history Important points in the history
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Initial assessment, examination, and resuscitation Initial assessment, examination, and resuscitation
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Investigations Investigations
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Initial investigations Initial investigations
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Further additional investigations depend on clinical presentation Further additional investigations depend on clinical presentation
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Renal biopsy Renal biopsy
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Causes of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia Causes of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
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In association with infections In association with infections
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Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
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Cobalamin C deficiency (MMA) Cobalamin C deficiency (MMA)
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Atypical HUS (defined as HUS without coexisting disease) Atypical HUS (defined as HUS without coexisting disease)
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Drug-associated MAHA Drug-associated MAHA
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MAHA secondary to other causes MAHA secondary to other causes
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Management Management
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Ongoing management, the first 24 h Ongoing management, the first 24 h
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Monitoring Monitoring
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Fluids Fluids
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Ongoing management, the next 24–48 h Ongoing management, the next 24–48 h
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Monitoring Monitoring
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Conservative management Conservative management
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Indications for dialysis Indications for dialysis
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Oligoanuria with no response to furosemide Oligoanuria with no response to furosemide
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Fluids for the patient on dialysis Fluids for the patient on dialysis
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Established AKI Established AKI
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The recovery phase The recovery phase
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Management of electrolyte abnormalities in AKI before dialysis Management of electrolyte abnormalities in AKI before dialysis
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Hyperkalaemia Hyperkalaemia
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Hyponatraemia Hyponatraemia
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Hypernatraemia Hypernatraemia
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Hyperphosphataemia Hyperphosphataemia
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Hypocalcaemia Hypocalcaemia
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Acidosis Acidosis
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Hypertension Hypertension
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Nutrition in acute kidney injury Nutrition in acute kidney injury
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Day 1 Day 1
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Day 2 Day 2
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Day 3 Day 3
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Day 4 onwards Day 4 onwards
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Drug therapy Drug therapy
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Dialysis Dialysis
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Choice of dialysis Choice of dialysis
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Follow-up of acute kidney injury Follow-up of acute kidney injury
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Reference Reference
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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli haemolytic uraemic syndrome Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli haemolytic uraemic syndrome
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Epidemiology and notes Epidemiology and notes
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Clinical features of typical STEC-HUS Clinical features of typical STEC-HUS
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Investigations Investigations
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Selective investigations Selective investigations
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Treatment: general points Treatment: general points
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Blood transfusion Blood transfusion
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Antibiotics Antibiotics
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Plasma exchange Plasma exchange
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Eculizumab Eculizumab
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Prevention of HUS Prevention of HUS
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Prognosis Prognosis
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Poor renal prognostic factors Poor renal prognostic factors
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Outcome following renal transplantation for STEC-HUS Outcome following renal transplantation for STEC-HUS
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Further reading Further reading
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Further reading Further reading
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Pneumococcal haemolytic uraemic syndrome Pneumococcal haemolytic uraemic syndrome
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Reference Reference
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Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome
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Genetics of aHUS Genetics of aHUS
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Specific tests to be considered for the investigation of aHUS Specific tests to be considered for the investigation of aHUS
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Treatment Treatment
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Eculizumab Eculizumab
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Prognosis Prognosis
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Post transplant Post transplant
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Further reading Further reading
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Further reading Further reading
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Genetic causes of haemolytic uraemic syndrome not related to the complement pathway Genetic causes of haemolytic uraemic syndrome not related to the complement pathway
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Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
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Cobalamin C defect (cblC)-associated HUS Cobalamin C defect (cblC)-associated HUS
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DGKe deficiency (diacylglycerol kinase-epsilon) DGKe deficiency (diacylglycerol kinase-epsilon)
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Rhabdomyolysis Rhabdomyolysis
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Background Background
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Presentation Presentation
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Acquired causes Acquired causes
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Hereditary causes Hereditary causes
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Disorders of muscle carbohydrate metabolism Disorders of muscle carbohydrate metabolism
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Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency
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Malignant hyperthermia (hyperpyrexia) Malignant hyperthermia (hyperpyrexia)
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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
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General points General points
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Investigations Investigations
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Management Management
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References References
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References References
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Tumour lysis syndrome Tumour lysis syndrome
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Background Background
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Management Management
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Prevention of tumour lysis syndrome Prevention of tumour lysis syndrome
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Treatment of established TLS Treatment of established TLS
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Indications for HD Indications for HD
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Management after haemodialysis Management after haemodialysis
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Prevention and treatment of TLS Prevention and treatment of TLS
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Reference Reference
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Reference Reference
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Contrast-induced nephropathy Contrast-induced nephropathy
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Pathology of CIN Pathology of CIN
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CIN is characterized by CIN is characterized by
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Risk factors Risk factors
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Prevention Prevention
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Gadolinium Gadolinium
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Further reading Further reading
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Further reading Further reading
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Chapter
17 C17Acute kidney injury
Get access
Pages
C17–C17.P553
-
Published:February 2019
Cite
Rees, Lesley, and others, 'Acute kidney injury', Paediatric Nephrology, 3 edn, Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Paediatrics (Oxford , 2019; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 Mar. 2019), https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0017, accessed 3 May 2025.
Abstract
The causes of acute kidney injury, the assessment of the patient, and management of the different causes are discussed in this chapter.
Subject
Paediatrics
Collection:
Oxford Medicine Online
Disclaimer
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct.
Readers must therefore always …
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Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct.
Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets
provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or
legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages
and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breastfeeding.
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