
Contents
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Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials and SSVEP-Based BCIs Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials and SSVEP-Based BCIs
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SSVEP and Related Paradigms SSVEP and Related Paradigms
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Early SSVEP-like BCIs Early SSVEP-like BCIs
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Recent SSVEP-Based BCI Designs Recent SSVEP-Based BCI Designs
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Important Issues for SSVEP-Based BCIs Important Issues for SSVEP-Based BCIs
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Future Directions for SSVEP-Based BCIs Future Directions for SSVEP-Based BCIs
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Slow Cortical Potentials and SCP-Based BCIs Slow Cortical Potentials and SCP-Based BCIs
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Slow Cortical Potentials Slow Cortical Potentials
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SCP-Based BCIs SCP-Based BCIs
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Possible Future Uses of SCP-Based BCIs Possible Future Uses of SCP-Based BCIs
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Summary Summary
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References References
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14 BCIs That Use Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials or Slow Cortical Potentials
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Published:January 2012
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Abstract
This chapter describes steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs), slow cortical potentials (SCPs), and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) based on these signals. SSVEPs are produced by repetitive stimuli (e.g., a flashing light or a pattern-reversing checkerboard) and are focused over occipital cortex. With a rhythmic stimulus, they typically display a peak at the frequency of the stimulus and at several harmonic frequencies. BCIs based on SSVEPs and similar signals can provide relatively robust and rapid communication and have been applied to a variety of applications including word-processing, navigation tasks, and computer games. SCPs are slow, mainly negative, voltage shifts recorded over sensorimotor or frontal cortical areas. They precede and coincide with imagined or actual motor actions or cognitive tasks. With extensive training, people can learn to control SCPs and use them to operate spelling programs and other applications.
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