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There has been enormous progress in the understanding and therapy of children’s cancer since 1962, the start of the National Registry of Childhood Tumours, and 1975 when the Childhood Cancer Research Group (CCRG) was founded. The probability of five-year survival of children with cancer has increased dramatically from 28% to 77%; a national organisation responsible for the design, execution and analysis of clinical trials, the United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group (UKCCSG) has been established; there is extensive international collaboration in children’s cancer trials; care for children with cancer has developed so that over 90% of children are treated at one of the 22 recognised UKCCSG centres; there is a new era which seeks to exploit knowledge of the human genome and newly acquired information on the molecular mechanisms that drive cancer.
These improvements have been possible because there is detailed knowledge of the demographics, including incidence and survival, of childhood cancer provided by the CCRG and the National Registry of Childhood Tumours. Knowledge of the incidence of childhood cancer is vital to the planning of health service provision and the design of research studies, including those relating to the aetiology of childhood cancer. Changes in the incidence of childhood cancer in particular provide important clues as to the aetiology of the disease.
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