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Cabbage (red, white, savoy) | Brassica oleracea var. capitata
beet armyworm | Spodoptera exigua, cabbage looper | Trichoplusia ni
Beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)
Cabbage looper (CL), Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of various insecticide treatments against worm pests (BAW and CL) on cabbage under desert growing conditions. Cabbage (‘Gazelle’) was direct seeded on 20 Sep 2016 at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center, Holtville, CA into double row beds on 40 inch centers. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and furrow irrigation was used thereafter. Plots were four beds (13.3 ft) wide by 50 ft long and bordered by one untreated bed. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. Insecticidal compounds, formulations, and application rates are provided in the table. All insecticide treatments were foliar sprays applied on the dates specified in Table 1 with a Lee Spider Spray Trac Tractor, four-row sprayer with three TJ-60 11003VS nozzles per row that delivered 63 gpa at 50 psi. An adjuvant, Syl-Tac (Wilbur-Ellis Company LLC, FRESNO, CA 93755) was added at 0.25 vol/vol% to each foliar spray mixture. A pre-treatment (PT) sampling of BAW and CL from 25 plants per replicate, was completed on 28 Sep 2016, 6-days prior to treatment applications. Due to the sparse population of BAW and the more abundant population of CL, Loopex was added to the treatment list after 12 Oct treatments. Starting on Oct 19, all treatments tank mixtures were buffered to pH 7.0. Starting on Oct 19, CL and BAW were counted as small larvae (first to early third instar) and large (late third to fifth instar). Data results for small BAW (128 total or 93.75%) and large BAW (8 total or 6.25%) are not shown due to the very small numbers; only pooled data results of small and large BAW are shown. BAW post treatment samples were taken 2-days after treatment the first (2-DAT1), 7-DAT1, 2-DAT2, 7-DAT2, 2-DAT3, 6-DAT3, 9-DAT3, 13-DAT3, 2-DAT4, 7-DAT4, 12-DAT4, and 15-DAT4; on 6 Oct, 11 Oct, 14 Oct, 19 Oct, 21 Oct, 25 Oct, 28 Oct, 1 Nov, 4 Nov, 9 Nov, 14 Nov, and 17 Nov 2016. CL post-treatment samples were taken 7-DAT2, 2-DAT3, 6-DAT3, 9-DAT3, 13-DAT3, 2-DAT4, 7-DAT4, 12-DAT4, and 15-DAT4; on 19 Oct, 21 Oct, 25 Oct, 28 Oct, 1 Nov, 4 Nov, 9 Nov, 14 Nov, and 17 Nov 2016. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Differences among means on each sampling date were determined using Least Significant Difference Test (P = 0.05).

TreatmentRate/acreTreatment date
1. Untreated check––
2. XenTari DF32 oz4 Oct, 12 Oct, 19 Oct, 2 Nov
3. Radiant5 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct, 19 Oct
4. As416 fb2.5 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct
As416 + Loopex2.5 fl oz 2.75 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
5. As416 fb1 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct
As416 + Loopex1 fl oz 0.7 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
6. As416 + XenTari DF fb1 fl oz 32 oz4 Oct, 12 Oct
As416 + Loopex + XenTari DF1 fl oz 0.7 fl oz 32 oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
7. As416 fb2.5 fl oz4 Oct
Radiant fb5 fl oz12 Oct
Loopex2.75 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
8. As416 fb2.5 fl oz4 Oct
Entrust SC fb6 fl oz12 Oct
Loopex2.75 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
9. Intrepid10.0 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct, 19 Oct, 2 Nov
TreatmentRate/acreTreatment date
1. Untreated check––
2. XenTari DF32 oz4 Oct, 12 Oct, 19 Oct, 2 Nov
3. Radiant5 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct, 19 Oct
4. As416 fb2.5 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct
As416 + Loopex2.5 fl oz 2.75 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
5. As416 fb1 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct
As416 + Loopex1 fl oz 0.7 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
6. As416 + XenTari DF fb1 fl oz 32 oz4 Oct, 12 Oct
As416 + Loopex + XenTari DF1 fl oz 0.7 fl oz 32 oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
7. As416 fb2.5 fl oz4 Oct
Radiant fb5 fl oz12 Oct
Loopex2.75 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
8. As416 fb2.5 fl oz4 Oct
Entrust SC fb6 fl oz12 Oct
Loopex2.75 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
9. Intrepid10.0 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct, 19 Oct, 2 Nov

Syl-Tac surfactant added at 0.25 vol/vol% (37.8 ml/4gal) to each spray mixture. fb = followed by.

TreatmentRate/acreTreatment date
1. Untreated check––
2. XenTari DF32 oz4 Oct, 12 Oct, 19 Oct, 2 Nov
3. Radiant5 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct, 19 Oct
4. As416 fb2.5 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct
As416 + Loopex2.5 fl oz 2.75 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
5. As416 fb1 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct
As416 + Loopex1 fl oz 0.7 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
6. As416 + XenTari DF fb1 fl oz 32 oz4 Oct, 12 Oct
As416 + Loopex + XenTari DF1 fl oz 0.7 fl oz 32 oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
7. As416 fb2.5 fl oz4 Oct
Radiant fb5 fl oz12 Oct
Loopex2.75 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
8. As416 fb2.5 fl oz4 Oct
Entrust SC fb6 fl oz12 Oct
Loopex2.75 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
9. Intrepid10.0 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct, 19 Oct, 2 Nov
TreatmentRate/acreTreatment date
1. Untreated check––
2. XenTari DF32 oz4 Oct, 12 Oct, 19 Oct, 2 Nov
3. Radiant5 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct, 19 Oct
4. As416 fb2.5 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct
As416 + Loopex2.5 fl oz 2.75 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
5. As416 fb1 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct
As416 + Loopex1 fl oz 0.7 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
6. As416 + XenTari DF fb1 fl oz 32 oz4 Oct, 12 Oct
As416 + Loopex + XenTari DF1 fl oz 0.7 fl oz 32 oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
7. As416 fb2.5 fl oz4 Oct
Radiant fb5 fl oz12 Oct
Loopex2.75 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
8. As416 fb2.5 fl oz4 Oct
Entrust SC fb6 fl oz12 Oct
Loopex2.75 fl oz19 Oct, 2 Nov
9. Intrepid10.0 fl oz4 Oct, 12 Oct, 19 Oct, 2 Nov

Syl-Tac surfactant added at 0.25 vol/vol% (37.8 ml/4gal) to each spray mixture. fb = followed by.

BAW pest pressure was low throughout the study, whereas CL larval count numbers were at damaging levels typically seen on cabbage in the Imperial Valley, CA during October and November. There were no differences among the treatment means for BAW for the PT sample on 28 Sep or on 11 Oct, 14 Oct, 12 Oct, and 9 Nov (Table 2). However, the BAW means for all insecticide treatments were significantly (P = 0.05) lower than the untreated check means on all other sampling dates with the exceptions of As416 at 1 fl oz/acre on 19 Oct and As416 at 2.5 fl oz/acre on 14 Nov. The only insecticide treatments that had fewer small CL larvae than the untreated check on 19 Oct were Radiant at 5 fl oz/acre and Entrust at 6 fl oz/acre (Table 3). The only insecticide treatment that did not have fewer small CL larvae than the untreated check on 21 Oct was As416 at 2.5 fl oz. The only insecticide treatment that did not have fewer small CL larvae than the untreated check on 25 Oct was As416 + Loopex + XenTari DF. The two treatments with As416 + Loopex did not have fewer small CL larvae compared with the untreated check on 28 Oct. The treatments with Loopex at 2.75 fl oz/acre and Intrepid did not have fewer small CL than the untreated check on 1 Nov; 12-DAT3. All treatments except Radiant and As416 + Loopex at 2.5 fl oz/acre and 2.75 fl oz/acre, respectively had fewer small CL larvae compared with the untreated check. However, Radiant was not applied on 2 Nov so the post-treatment interval was 21-days. All of the insecticide treatments had fewer small CL larvae than the untreated check on 4, 14, and 17 Nov. None of the insecticide treatments had means for large CL larvae that were significantly (P = 0.05) lower than the means for the untreated check on 19 Oct (Table 4). All of the insecticide treatments had means for large CL larvae that were lower than the mean for the untreated check on 14 Nov. The only insecticide treatments that did not have means for large CL larvae significantly lower than the untreated check on all other dates were As416 + Loopex at 2.5 fl oz/acre and 2.75 fl oz/acre, respectively on 21 Oct; As416 + Loopex at 1 fl oz/acre and 0.7 fl oz/acre, respectively on 25 and 28 Oct and on 1, 4, and 9 Nov; As416 + Loopex + XenTari DF on 21, 25, and 28 Oct; and Loopex at 2.25 fl oz/acre on 25 Oct. There were no differences among the treatments for the total numbers of cabbage heads at harvest (Table 5). All of the insecticide treatments had significantly (P = 0.05) more market quality cabbage heads at harvest than the untreated check. All of the insecticide treatments had significantly higher percentages of market quality heads than the untreated check and the Intrepid insecticide treatment had a significantly higher percentage of market quality heads that all other insecticide treatments.

Treatment formulationRate amt/acre28 Sep6 Oct11 Oct14 Oct19 Octa21 Oct25 Octa28 Oct1 Nov4 Nova9 Nov14 Nova17 Nov
Untreated check–0.50 a1.25 a0.75 a0.50 a1.75 a1.75 a1.75 a2.25 a2.00 a2.00 a2.25 a1.75 a2.25 a
XenTari DF32 oz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b0.25 b0.00 b0.25 a0.00 c0.25 b
Radiant5 floz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b0.00 b0.00 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b
As416 fb2.5 floz0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 a0.00 b0.50 a0.00 c0.00 b0.25 b0.00 b1.50 a1.00 ab0.50 b
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.50 a1.50 a1.50 a0.50 b0.25 b0.25 b0.00 b0.25 a0.25 bc0.50 b
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.25 b1.25 a0.50 b0.00 b0.25 b0.25 b0.00 a0.00 c0.25 b
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.50 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 a0.00 b0.25 a0.25 bc0.25 b0.00 b0.00 b0.25 a0.50 bc0.00 b
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.00 a0.25 b0.25 a0.00 a0.50 b0.25 a0.00 c0.00 b0.00 b0.00 b0.25 a0.25 bc0.50 b
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b0.00 b0.00 b0.00 a0.00 c0.25 b
Treatment formulationRate amt/acre28 Sep6 Oct11 Oct14 Oct19 Octa21 Oct25 Octa28 Oct1 Nov4 Nova9 Nov14 Nova17 Nov
Untreated check–0.50 a1.25 a0.75 a0.50 a1.75 a1.75 a1.75 a2.25 a2.00 a2.00 a2.25 a1.75 a2.25 a
XenTari DF32 oz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b0.25 b0.00 b0.25 a0.00 c0.25 b
Radiant5 floz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b0.00 b0.00 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b
As416 fb2.5 floz0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 a0.00 b0.50 a0.00 c0.00 b0.25 b0.00 b1.50 a1.00 ab0.50 b
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.50 a1.50 a1.50 a0.50 b0.25 b0.25 b0.00 b0.25 a0.25 bc0.50 b
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.25 b1.25 a0.50 b0.00 b0.25 b0.25 b0.00 a0.00 c0.25 b
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.50 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 a0.00 b0.25 a0.25 bc0.25 b0.00 b0.00 b0.25 a0.50 bc0.00 b
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.00 a0.25 b0.25 a0.00 a0.50 b0.25 a0.00 c0.00 b0.00 b0.00 b0.25 a0.25 bc0.50 b
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b0.00 b0.00 b0.00 a0.00 c0.25 b

Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different, P > 0.05, LSD.

a

Log10 (X + 1) transformed data used for analysis but means of non-transformed means are shown.

Treatment formulationRate amt/acre28 Sep6 Oct11 Oct14 Oct19 Octa21 Oct25 Octa28 Oct1 Nov4 Nova9 Nov14 Nova17 Nov
Untreated check–0.50 a1.25 a0.75 a0.50 a1.75 a1.75 a1.75 a2.25 a2.00 a2.00 a2.25 a1.75 a2.25 a
XenTari DF32 oz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b0.25 b0.00 b0.25 a0.00 c0.25 b
Radiant5 floz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b0.00 b0.00 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b
As416 fb2.5 floz0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 a0.00 b0.50 a0.00 c0.00 b0.25 b0.00 b1.50 a1.00 ab0.50 b
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.50 a1.50 a1.50 a0.50 b0.25 b0.25 b0.00 b0.25 a0.25 bc0.50 b
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.25 b1.25 a0.50 b0.00 b0.25 b0.25 b0.00 a0.00 c0.25 b
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.50 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 a0.00 b0.25 a0.25 bc0.25 b0.00 b0.00 b0.25 a0.50 bc0.00 b
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.00 a0.25 b0.25 a0.00 a0.50 b0.25 a0.00 c0.00 b0.00 b0.00 b0.25 a0.25 bc0.50 b
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b0.00 b0.00 b0.00 a0.00 c0.25 b
Treatment formulationRate amt/acre28 Sep6 Oct11 Oct14 Oct19 Octa21 Oct25 Octa28 Oct1 Nov4 Nova9 Nov14 Nova17 Nov
Untreated check–0.50 a1.25 a0.75 a0.50 a1.75 a1.75 a1.75 a2.25 a2.00 a2.00 a2.25 a1.75 a2.25 a
XenTari DF32 oz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b0.25 b0.00 b0.25 a0.00 c0.25 b
Radiant5 floz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b0.00 b0.00 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b
As416 fb2.5 floz0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 a0.00 b0.50 a0.00 c0.00 b0.25 b0.00 b1.50 a1.00 ab0.50 b
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.50 a1.50 a1.50 a0.50 b0.25 b0.25 b0.00 b0.25 a0.25 bc0.50 b
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.25 b1.25 a0.50 b0.00 b0.25 b0.25 b0.00 a0.00 c0.25 b
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.50 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 a0.00 b0.25 a0.25 bc0.25 b0.00 b0.00 b0.25 a0.50 bc0.00 b
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.00 a0.25 b0.25 a0.00 a0.50 b0.25 a0.00 c0.00 b0.00 b0.00 b0.25 a0.25 bc0.50 b
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz0.00 a0.00 b0.00 a0.00 a0.25 b0.00 a0.00 c0.00 b0.00 b0.00 b0.00 a0.00 c0.25 b

Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different, P > 0.05, LSD.

a

Log10 (X + 1) transformed data used for analysis but means of non-transformed means are shown.

Treatment formulationRate amt/acre19 Oct21 Oct25 Oct28 Octa1 Nov4 Nov9 Nov14 Nov17 Nov
Untreated check–8.50 a10.25 a4.25 a3.50 a5.25 a6.25 a6.00 a7.50 a5.50 a
XenTari DF32 oz4.25 abc3.50 cde1.25 cd1.00 c1.50 bc1.50 b0.00 c0.75 bc1.00 b
Radiant5 floz0.75 c0.00 f0.00 d0.75 c0.00 c1.50 b3.25 ab0.75 bc1.00 b
As416 fb2.5 floz5.50 ab7.50 ab2.50 bc2.00 abc1.25 bc2.25 b3.25 ab0.00 c1.00 b
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz7.25 a6.25 bc2.00 bc3.00 ab1.75 bc3.25 b1.25 bc1.75 bc0.75 b
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz5.25 ab6.50 bc3.00 ab1.50 bc2.50 bc1.25 b2.75 bc1.25 bc0.50 b
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz4.25 abc4.25 bcd1.00 cd0.75 c2.75 ab3.25 b2.75 bc2.00 b1.00 b
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz1.50 bc0.50 ef0.25 d0.25 c1.75 ab1.50 b2.75 bc2.25 b1.00 b
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz4.25 abc1.50 def0.25 d0.50 c1.75 ab1.50 b0.75 bc0.50 bc0.50 b
Treatment formulationRate amt/acre19 Oct21 Oct25 Oct28 Octa1 Nov4 Nov9 Nov14 Nov17 Nov
Untreated check–8.50 a10.25 a4.25 a3.50 a5.25 a6.25 a6.00 a7.50 a5.50 a
XenTari DF32 oz4.25 abc3.50 cde1.25 cd1.00 c1.50 bc1.50 b0.00 c0.75 bc1.00 b
Radiant5 floz0.75 c0.00 f0.00 d0.75 c0.00 c1.50 b3.25 ab0.75 bc1.00 b
As416 fb2.5 floz5.50 ab7.50 ab2.50 bc2.00 abc1.25 bc2.25 b3.25 ab0.00 c1.00 b
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz7.25 a6.25 bc2.00 bc3.00 ab1.75 bc3.25 b1.25 bc1.75 bc0.75 b
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz5.25 ab6.50 bc3.00 ab1.50 bc2.50 bc1.25 b2.75 bc1.25 bc0.50 b
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz4.25 abc4.25 bcd1.00 cd0.75 c2.75 ab3.25 b2.75 bc2.00 b1.00 b
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz1.50 bc0.50 ef0.25 d0.25 c1.75 ab1.50 b2.75 bc2.25 b1.00 b
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz4.25 abc1.50 def0.25 d0.50 c1.75 ab1.50 b0.75 bc0.50 bc0.50 b

Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different, P > 0.05, LSD.

a

Log10 (X + 1) transformed data used for analysis but means of non-transformed data are shown.

Treatment formulationRate amt/acre19 Oct21 Oct25 Oct28 Octa1 Nov4 Nov9 Nov14 Nov17 Nov
Untreated check–8.50 a10.25 a4.25 a3.50 a5.25 a6.25 a6.00 a7.50 a5.50 a
XenTari DF32 oz4.25 abc3.50 cde1.25 cd1.00 c1.50 bc1.50 b0.00 c0.75 bc1.00 b
Radiant5 floz0.75 c0.00 f0.00 d0.75 c0.00 c1.50 b3.25 ab0.75 bc1.00 b
As416 fb2.5 floz5.50 ab7.50 ab2.50 bc2.00 abc1.25 bc2.25 b3.25 ab0.00 c1.00 b
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz7.25 a6.25 bc2.00 bc3.00 ab1.75 bc3.25 b1.25 bc1.75 bc0.75 b
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz5.25 ab6.50 bc3.00 ab1.50 bc2.50 bc1.25 b2.75 bc1.25 bc0.50 b
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz4.25 abc4.25 bcd1.00 cd0.75 c2.75 ab3.25 b2.75 bc2.00 b1.00 b
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz1.50 bc0.50 ef0.25 d0.25 c1.75 ab1.50 b2.75 bc2.25 b1.00 b
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz4.25 abc1.50 def0.25 d0.50 c1.75 ab1.50 b0.75 bc0.50 bc0.50 b
Treatment formulationRate amt/acre19 Oct21 Oct25 Oct28 Octa1 Nov4 Nov9 Nov14 Nov17 Nov
Untreated check–8.50 a10.25 a4.25 a3.50 a5.25 a6.25 a6.00 a7.50 a5.50 a
XenTari DF32 oz4.25 abc3.50 cde1.25 cd1.00 c1.50 bc1.50 b0.00 c0.75 bc1.00 b
Radiant5 floz0.75 c0.00 f0.00 d0.75 c0.00 c1.50 b3.25 ab0.75 bc1.00 b
As416 fb2.5 floz5.50 ab7.50 ab2.50 bc2.00 abc1.25 bc2.25 b3.25 ab0.00 c1.00 b
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz7.25 a6.25 bc2.00 bc3.00 ab1.75 bc3.25 b1.25 bc1.75 bc0.75 b
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz5.25 ab6.50 bc3.00 ab1.50 bc2.50 bc1.25 b2.75 bc1.25 bc0.50 b
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz4.25 abc4.25 bcd1.00 cd0.75 c2.75 ab3.25 b2.75 bc2.00 b1.00 b
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz1.50 bc0.50 ef0.25 d0.25 c1.75 ab1.50 b2.75 bc2.25 b1.00 b
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz4.25 abc1.50 def0.25 d0.50 c1.75 ab1.50 b0.75 bc0.50 bc0.50 b

Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different, P > 0.05, LSD.

a

Log10 (X + 1) transformed data used for analysis but means of non-transformed data are shown.

Treatment & formulationRate amt/acre19 Oct21 Oct25 Oct28 Octa1 Nova4 Nov9 Nova14 Nov17 Nova
Untreated check–0.75 a2.25 a3.00 a2.25 a3.000 a3.00 a1.75 a2.25 a4.00 a
XenTari DF32 oz0.75 a0.25 bc0.25 c0.75 cd0.75 b0.50 bc0.25 b0.75 b0.50 bc
Radiant5 floz0.00 a0.00 c0.00 c0.00 d0.00 b0.00 c0.25 b0.25 b0.00 c
As416 fb2.5 floz0.25 a1.50 ab1.00 bc0.75 bcd0.75 b0.50 bc0.50 b1.00 b0.50 bc
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz0.50 a0.75 bc2.50 ab2.25 a3.00 a1.75 ab2.00 a0.75 b0.50 bc
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz0.50 a1.25 abc1.75 abc1.50 abc2.00 a0.25 c0.50 b0.50 b0.25 c
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.25 a0.25 bc1.50 abc1.00 bcd0.25 b0.50 bc0.25 b0.50 b1.25 b
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.00 a0.00 c0.00 c0.00 d0.00 b0.00 c0.25 b1.00 b0.50 bc
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz0.00 a0.00 c0.00 c0.00 d0.00 b0.00 c0.00 b0.25 b0.00 c
Treatment & formulationRate amt/acre19 Oct21 Oct25 Oct28 Octa1 Nova4 Nov9 Nova14 Nov17 Nova
Untreated check–0.75 a2.25 a3.00 a2.25 a3.000 a3.00 a1.75 a2.25 a4.00 a
XenTari DF32 oz0.75 a0.25 bc0.25 c0.75 cd0.75 b0.50 bc0.25 b0.75 b0.50 bc
Radiant5 floz0.00 a0.00 c0.00 c0.00 d0.00 b0.00 c0.25 b0.25 b0.00 c
As416 fb2.5 floz0.25 a1.50 ab1.00 bc0.75 bcd0.75 b0.50 bc0.50 b1.00 b0.50 bc
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz0.50 a0.75 bc2.50 ab2.25 a3.00 a1.75 ab2.00 a0.75 b0.50 bc
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz0.50 a1.25 abc1.75 abc1.50 abc2.00 a0.25 c0.50 b0.50 b0.25 c
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.25 a0.25 bc1.50 abc1.00 bcd0.25 b0.50 bc0.25 b0.50 b1.25 b
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.00 a0.00 c0.00 c0.00 d0.00 b0.00 c0.25 b1.00 b0.50 bc
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz0.00 a0.00 c0.00 c0.00 d0.00 b0.00 c0.00 b0.25 b0.00 c

Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different, P > 0.05, LSD.

a

Log10 (X + 1) transformed data used for analysis but means of non-transformed data are shown.

Treatment & formulationRate amt/acre19 Oct21 Oct25 Oct28 Octa1 Nova4 Nov9 Nova14 Nov17 Nova
Untreated check–0.75 a2.25 a3.00 a2.25 a3.000 a3.00 a1.75 a2.25 a4.00 a
XenTari DF32 oz0.75 a0.25 bc0.25 c0.75 cd0.75 b0.50 bc0.25 b0.75 b0.50 bc
Radiant5 floz0.00 a0.00 c0.00 c0.00 d0.00 b0.00 c0.25 b0.25 b0.00 c
As416 fb2.5 floz0.25 a1.50 ab1.00 bc0.75 bcd0.75 b0.50 bc0.50 b1.00 b0.50 bc
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz0.50 a0.75 bc2.50 ab2.25 a3.00 a1.75 ab2.00 a0.75 b0.50 bc
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz0.50 a1.25 abc1.75 abc1.50 abc2.00 a0.25 c0.50 b0.50 b0.25 c
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.25 a0.25 bc1.50 abc1.00 bcd0.25 b0.50 bc0.25 b0.50 b1.25 b
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.00 a0.00 c0.00 c0.00 d0.00 b0.00 c0.25 b1.00 b0.50 bc
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz0.00 a0.00 c0.00 c0.00 d0.00 b0.00 c0.00 b0.25 b0.00 c
Treatment & formulationRate amt/acre19 Oct21 Oct25 Oct28 Octa1 Nova4 Nov9 Nova14 Nov17 Nova
Untreated check–0.75 a2.25 a3.00 a2.25 a3.000 a3.00 a1.75 a2.25 a4.00 a
XenTari DF32 oz0.75 a0.25 bc0.25 c0.75 cd0.75 b0.50 bc0.25 b0.75 b0.50 bc
Radiant5 floz0.00 a0.00 c0.00 c0.00 d0.00 b0.00 c0.25 b0.25 b0.00 c
As416 fb2.5 floz0.25 a1.50 ab1.00 bc0.75 bcd0.75 b0.50 bc0.50 b1.00 b0.50 bc
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz0.50 a0.75 bc2.50 ab2.25 a3.00 a1.75 ab2.00 a0.75 b0.50 bc
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz0.50 a1.25 abc1.75 abc1.50 abc2.00 a0.25 c0.50 b0.50 b0.25 c
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.25 a0.25 bc1.50 abc1.00 bcd0.25 b0.50 bc0.25 b0.50 b1.25 b
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz0.00 a0.00 c0.00 c0.00 d0.00 b0.00 c0.25 b1.00 b0.50 bc
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz0.00 a0.00 c0.00 c0.00 d0.00 b0.00 c0.00 b0.25 b0.00 c

Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different, P > 0.05, LSD.

a

Log10 (X + 1) transformed data used for analysis but means of non-transformed data are shown.

Treatment formulationRate amt/acreMarket quality heads/0.001 acreLog10 (x + 1) worm damaged headsTotal cabbage heads/0.001 acreArcsine percentages of market headsKg market heads/0.001 acre
Untreated check–8.50 e1.09 a20.25 a40.88 e10.23 e
XenTari DF32 oz16.25 bc0.69 cd20.25 a63.86 bc22.76 ab
Radiant5 floz18.00 ab0.48 d20.00 a71.50 b25.36 ab
As416 fb2.5 floz12.25 d0.84 bc19.00 a53.67 cd15.81 d
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz13.25 cd0.93 ab21.00 a52.85 d17.05 cd
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz16.75 ab0.67 cd20.50 a64.75 b21.07 bc
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz17.00 ab0.60 d20.50 a66.56 b22.14 abc
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz17.25 ab0.53 d19.75 a69.58 b22.54 ab
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz19.75 a0.15 e20.25 a83.91 a26.31 a
Treatment formulationRate amt/acreMarket quality heads/0.001 acreLog10 (x + 1) worm damaged headsTotal cabbage heads/0.001 acreArcsine percentages of market headsKg market heads/0.001 acre
Untreated check–8.50 e1.09 a20.25 a40.88 e10.23 e
XenTari DF32 oz16.25 bc0.69 cd20.25 a63.86 bc22.76 ab
Radiant5 floz18.00 ab0.48 d20.00 a71.50 b25.36 ab
As416 fb2.5 floz12.25 d0.84 bc19.00 a53.67 cd15.81 d
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz13.25 cd0.93 ab21.00 a52.85 d17.05 cd
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz16.75 ab0.67 cd20.50 a64.75 b21.07 bc
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz17.00 ab0.60 d20.50 a66.56 b22.14 abc
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz17.25 ab0.53 d19.75 a69.58 b22.54 ab
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz19.75 a0.15 e20.25 a83.91 a26.31 a

Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different, P > 0.05, LSD.

Treatment formulationRate amt/acreMarket quality heads/0.001 acreLog10 (x + 1) worm damaged headsTotal cabbage heads/0.001 acreArcsine percentages of market headsKg market heads/0.001 acre
Untreated check–8.50 e1.09 a20.25 a40.88 e10.23 e
XenTari DF32 oz16.25 bc0.69 cd20.25 a63.86 bc22.76 ab
Radiant5 floz18.00 ab0.48 d20.00 a71.50 b25.36 ab
As416 fb2.5 floz12.25 d0.84 bc19.00 a53.67 cd15.81 d
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz13.25 cd0.93 ab21.00 a52.85 d17.05 cd
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz16.75 ab0.67 cd20.50 a64.75 b21.07 bc
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz17.00 ab0.60 d20.50 a66.56 b22.14 abc
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz17.25 ab0.53 d19.75 a69.58 b22.54 ab
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz19.75 a0.15 e20.25 a83.91 a26.31 a
Treatment formulationRate amt/acreMarket quality heads/0.001 acreLog10 (x + 1) worm damaged headsTotal cabbage heads/0.001 acreArcsine percentages of market headsKg market heads/0.001 acre
Untreated check–8.50 e1.09 a20.25 a40.88 e10.23 e
XenTari DF32 oz16.25 bc0.69 cd20.25 a63.86 bc22.76 ab
Radiant5 floz18.00 ab0.48 d20.00 a71.50 b25.36 ab
As416 fb2.5 floz12.25 d0.84 bc19.00 a53.67 cd15.81 d
As416 +  Loopex2.5 floz 2.75 floz
As416 fb1 floz13.25 cd0.93 ab21.00 a52.85 d17.05 cd
As416 +  Loopex1 floz 0.7 floz
As416 +  XenTari DF fb1 floz 32 oz16.75 ab0.67 cd20.50 a64.75 b21.07 bc
As416 +  Loopex +  XenTari DF1 floz 0.7 floz 32 oz
As416 fb2.5 floz17.00 ab0.60 d20.50 a66.56 b22.14 abc
Radiant fb5 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
As416 fb2.5 floz17.25 ab0.53 d19.75 a69.58 b22.54 ab
Entrust SC fb6 floz
Loopex2.75 floz
Intrepid10.0 floz19.75 a0.15 e20.25 a83.91 a26.31 a

Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different, P > 0.05, LSD.

There were no visible symptoms of phytotoxicity following any of the insecticide treatments.

*This research was supported by industry monetary gifts and in-kind gifts of insecticidal products.

Author notes

Section Editor: John Palumbo

© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Entomological Society of America.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected]
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