...This chapter argues that in the U.S. federalist system, in which many traditional government functions are carried out not by the government in Washington but by states and localities, any durable reform of the federal system should take into account its effects on the tax collections and budgets...

... it. Although weapons may have decided the war in favor of the revolutionaries they had not settled the question of power. This chapter considers Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) that would implement economic reforms, the Bolsheviks' failure to carry power into villages, and the dictatorship's lack...

...This concluding chapter reviews the innovative features of the California math reforms and the positive effects of California's effort to improve mathematics teaching and learning. It also discusses several challenges in improving instructional policies such as coordination of government...

...This chapter traces the emergence of a much more mature and complete democracy, as forged through the lessons learned from its destabilization in the fifth century. It chronicles acts of reconciliation and reform in the early years of the fourth century, which would set the stage for another eighty...

..., entangled with the problem of backward rural mentality, blamed Soviet peasants who did not want to support modernizing reforms for their troubles. This chapter analyses the failure of these agricultural reforms. It is noted that the inability of the state to anticipate, understand, and respond...

... the supple response of the Liberal government of Charles Rogier, which insulated the small country from revolutionary movements. It looks at the wisdom of a domestic agenda of Liberal reforms, conceived in concert with democrats in the capital, a group that included the liberal founding fathers...

...This chapter traces French legal reforms in the early decades of the Protectorate and their impact on Jews' legal strategies. Colonial administrators attempted to harden the jurisdictional boundaries separating Morocco's different legal orders in order to prevent forum shopping and promote...

...This chapter shows how colonists responded to the transformation of the British Empire. Radical resistance gained strength from economic anxiety and the fact that authoritarian imperial reform was clearly and explicitly designed to subordinate the colonial economy. American radicals, far from being...

...This chapter examines Khrushchev's economic reforms—or rather, the lack of them—in the light of post-Communist experience. The fact that Khrushchev was no economic reformer used to be held against him. Nowadays, knowing that Gorbachev's half-measures only made things worse, Khrushchev's nonmeasures...

... on a strategy for preserving it. This chapter examines Gorbachev's reforms of legislative and executive institutions in the Russian Republic. It argues that Gorbachev wanted to shift power away from the party and into a new set of democratized state structures and a new state presidency. It looks at his...

... in the framing of a new constitution in Russia by looking at the struggle over economic reforms and the legislative-executive relations to center-regional power. It discusses Yeltsin's use of a large national constitutional assembly as a forum for drafting a new constitution and considers his extraconstitutional...

..., and agriculture. The Soviet bloc economy also received a boost following Joseph Stalin's death in 1953 and Nikita Khrushchev's reforms. The Soviets, with East Germany's Walter Ulbricht in the vanguard, were intent on harnessing the IT Revolution and cybernetics to overtake the West. Ulbricht's reform program...

...This chapter focuses on the modest regulatory reforms of the Obama Administration and the Democratic 111th Congress, which were having little positive impact on working-class Americans at the outset of the 2010 election cycle. If the business community was heartened by President Obama's overtures...

...This chapter elaborates the role of Henry Fielding in social reforms in Britain. Fielding was at the centre of the demobilization crisis of 1748–1753. He became a magistrate first of Westminster and then of Middlesex as the crisis was breaking, and being at the centre of things, briefly in Soho...

...This chapter examines the political changes brought on by the Bourbons' rise to power in Spain, with particular emphasis on the monarchy's early reforms and the breakdown of negotiated peace between the Yaquis of northern Mexico and the Spanish colonizers during the period 1700–1740. Drawing...

...This chapter examines ideas on Church and state during the reign of Catherine the Great. The relationship between the Russian state and the Orthodox Church had been fundamentally transformed by the Petrine reforms, but many Church leaders in the mid-eighteenth century remained uneasy about...

... and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting. The chapter indicates that recent reforms in democratic countries have replaced indirect procedures with direct popular voting. In this light, the chapter...

...This chapter recounts the most radical, most puzzling, and least understood organizational reform launched by Nikita Khrushchev. It examines Khrushchev's proposal to cleave the regional party-state in two, which entailed not only dividing the obkoms, the obkom buros, and the obkom bureaucracies...

...This book presents a history of efforts to reform mathematics education in California throughout the last two decades of the 20th century. That history is a contentious one, full of such fervour and heat that participants and observers often refer to the “math wars”. The book considers the many...

...This concluding chapter reviews how the Civil Constitution of the Clergy implemented many of the mixed Gallican–Jansenist reforms that would have come out of any such legislative opportunity in 1771. These included the abolition of anti-Jansenist oaths, the nonpapal collegial confirmation...