... experiments have demonstrated that individuals attribute causality, deploy their schemas, balance their evaluations, construct their arguments, or have their social perceptions and identities mediated by social categories. Second, it is argued that thinking takes different forms, contrary to the dominant view...

... of problems of causality that inspired Niels Jerne to throw himself into David Hume's writings when he returned home. He also familiarized himself with Bertrand Russell, probably because of Jorgensen's introductory book on the English philosopher, published the year before. The English bacon experts, however...

...This chapter discusses the following: freedom and causality; freedom and necessity; the spirit of economy; and freedom as power, necessity as impotence. Cognition Economy Necessity Subject object Determinism Kant Immanuel Mechanism Nature Science Causality Free will Schopenhauer Arthur...

...This chapter investigates the methods used to demonstrate causality via a consideration of the type of study design that most readily lends itself to doing so. In the case of drug therapy or some other type of medical act, determining whether it improves an illness or causes harm requires...

...This chapter talks about Michael Frayn's new book about time and causality, which are considered victims of his erudite, imaginative, funny and dazzlingly clever philosophical inquiry. Frayn unbolts the fabric of the universe and things that most are mostly regarded as certainties, such as the laws...

...This chapter describes the ambiguity involved in determining risk and causality; confusion is not surprising since the science in determining both is itself uncertain. Epidemiology is the science that is most responsible for examining whether humans are likely to benefit or be at risk from...

... to another, e.g. what are the risks of rock climbing as compared to the risks of staying in bed? The chapter aims to determine the extent to which entity risk is relative. The expression of risk, and risk itself, is far from being a simple concept. Determining causality requires an assessment of relative...