... into the agricultural sector and adopted a more inclusive, conciliatory approach to the countryside. The chapter also discusses the acknowledgment of the diminished motivational power of Marxism–Leninism, in which functionaries at the Central Committee apparatus turned to Russian nationalism as an agent of mobilization...

..., from the empire to interwar Europe and beyond. This book explores how a cluster of ideas rooted in the nineteenth-century Habsburg Empire —conservatism, liberalism, nationalism, Christian socialism, Austro-Marxism, federalism, and internationalism—continued to shape European politics and society...

...Socialism in the Soviet Union was shaped by Russia's particular historical traditions, its revolutionary experience, and the international trend toward managerial society. Explaining the actual nature of Soviet socialism by the ideology of Marxism with which it was officially associated...

...Joseph Stalin and his successors always insisted that the system he created was the realization of the socialist society predicted by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Most commentators on the right cited the horrors of Stalinism as evidence of the evils of Marxism or even of socialism in general...

... of revolutionary extremism and made it the foundation of his postrevolutionary rule. In addition, he insisted on the formal observance of revolutionary ideology that he called “Marxism-Leninism.” Stalin's postrevolutionary dictatorship was known for its bureaucratic social base and its cultural conservatism. His...

... that Stalinism was a criminal betrayal of the revolution and of Marxist ideals. Stalin's commitment to Marxism and even to socialism only served to camouflage the establishment of a new oriental despotism. A contrary argument claims that Vladimir Lenin and Leninism significantly contributed to the cruelty...

... Bolsheviks in the history of the Communist Party and the building of the Soviet state, leaving only Joseph Stalin as the true and natural successor to Vladimir Lenin. The chapter also suggests that the book was meant to party propagandists, and that its Marxism-Leninism propaganda was used by Stalin and his...

... and the early 1950s that revolved around Stalin's “Marxism.” It also discusses Stalin's “new theory of language” that was proclaimed at the cusp of the 1930s as a true embodiment of Marxism in linguistics. Abramov Fedor linguistics Marr Nikolai agrobiology Clark Katerina Lysenko Trofim revolution...

...This introductory chapter begins with a brief biographical sketch of Sergei Bulgakov. It then provides an overview of Philosophy of Economy (1912)—a work of social theory that is, on the simplest level, Bulgakov's rejection of Marxism. Bulgakov's philosophy is also analyzed...

... Lenin's vision of Russian Marxism shaped his identity, and explores Lenin's treatment of party colleagues of Jewish origin and the Jewish Question in Europe. The book also uncovers the continuous efforts of the Soviet communists to suppress Lenin's Jewishness and the no less persistent attempts of Russian...

... foundationalism Adehey Walter F apologetics evangelism Hebrew Bible hell Marcion postmodernism Braaten Carl capitalism Marxism Book of Common Prayer Eastern Orthodoxy ecumenism filioque Rule of Faith Thomas Aquinas Trent Council of Kerr Fergus Lash Nicholas McCabe Herbert Turner Denys...

... of the intelligentsia, on mass political hysterias, on democracy ancient and modern, on “The William”, on workers' self-government, and on the legal concept of property and toward a critique of Marxism. “Meaning of European Social Development The” Bibó politics Bibó’s definition of social development capitalism...

...Marxism emerged in the nineteenth century as an optimistically evolutionary system of social thought that offered a scientific analysis and explanation of history. Karl Marx's system of thought has been subject to a wide range of interpretations and emphases, and surprisingly had its own historical...

...Both exponents and critics of Marxism claim that it is a “monistic” philosophy, but in reality it is dualistic. This is due to the contradiction between theory and practice, between scientific (or pseudo-scientific) analysis and revolutionary action. The obvious inconsistency between a determinist...

...This chapter examines the extent to which the philosophy of Marxism was embodied by Vladimir Lenin, the Bolshevik movement, and the Soviet regime, or the degree to which they were instead products of Russian history. It can be argued that Lenin abandoned his Marxian heritage in favor of the ideas...

...-Marxist critics of capitalism. In the course of the Russian Revolution, the argument that the proletariat is the class destined to replace the bourgeoisie as the ruling class immediately became one of the more mythical aspects of Marxism, thus leaving the problem of defining the ruling class under...

... Trotsky has often been represented as the first Stalinist, a notion that stems from the image he established during the period of War Communism as the ultimate militarist and apologist for terror. The rightists, the party of Thermidor, did their best to adapt Marxism and proletarian dogma to the reality...

...This chapter considers the thought of midcentury Nez Perce activist and anthropologist Archie Phinney, which offers a glimpse into Native practices of modernity through the lens of Marxism and Soviet policy. Phinney posited that a modern Native sovereignty could arise and be realized via...