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Abstract
By the end of the 1990s, Russia had created a parliament that is entirely different from its transitional predecessors, including the Stalinist Supreme Soviet on which they were based. It is less centralized and politically far more important than the old parliaments, and deputies now have more effective means for autonomous participation in the legislative process. The old centralized parliament was replaced by two new forms of institutional representation, political factions and a federal upper house. These changes have allowed the parliament to expand its capacity to represent a diverse range of political interests and to manage its conflict with the president. Despite its constitutionally limited powers, the Federal Assembly has been able to enact significant legislation and has been recognized by President Boris Yeltsin as a legitimate player in Russian politics.
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