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JEL

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A - General Economics and Teaching

A1 - General Economics

A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines

A14 - Sociology of Economics

B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches

B4 - Economic Methodology

B41 - Economic Methodology

C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General

C18 - Methodological Issues: General

C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables

C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions

C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables

C38 - Classification Methods; Cluster Analysis; Principal Components; Factor Models

C5 - Econometric Modeling

C59 - Other

C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs

C80 - General

C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data; Data Access

C83 - Survey Methods; Sampling Methods

C9 - Design of Experiments

C93 - Field Experiments

D - Microeconomics

D0 - General

D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact

D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles

D04 - Microeconomic Policy: Formulation; Implementation, and Evaluation

D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics

D10 - General

D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis

D14 - Household Saving; Personal Finance

D2 - Production and Organizations

D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis

D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity

D3 - Distribution

D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions

D6 - Welfare Economics

D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis

D62 - Externalities

D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement

D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

D72 - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption

D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions

D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness

D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory

D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory

D9 - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics

D91 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making

D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice, Investment, Capacity, and Financing

E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy

E23 - Production

E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity

E4 - Money and Interest Rates

E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems

E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

E52 - Monetary Policy

E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies

E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook

E60 - General

E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination

E62 - Fiscal Policy

E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes

F - International Economics

F0 - General

F01 - Global Outlook

F1 - Trade

F10 - General

F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade

F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations

F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade

F15 - Economic Integration

F19 - Other

F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business

F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements

F22 - International Migration

F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business

F3 - International Finance

F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements

F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems

F35 - Foreign Aid

F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration

F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance

F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics

F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission

F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies

F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy

F50 - General

F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism

F53 - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations

F55 - International Institutional Arrangements

F6 - Economic Impacts of Globalization

F61 - Microeconomic Impacts

F63 - Economic Development

F66 - Labor

G - Financial Economics

G0 - General

G01 - Financial Crises

G1 - General Financial Markets

G10 - General

G15 - International Financial Markets

G18 - Government Policy and Regulation

G2 - Financial Institutions and Services

G20 - General

G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies

G23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors

G28 - Government Policy and Regulation

G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance

G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation

G38 - Government Policy and Regulation

H - Public Economics

H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government

H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H20 - General

H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies

H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies

H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance

H27 - Other Sources of Revenue

H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents

H31 - Household

H32 - Firm

H4 - Publicly Provided Goods

H41 - Public Goods

H43 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate

H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

H52 - Government Expenditures and Education

H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs

H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock

H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions

H56 - National Security and War

H57 - Procurement

H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt

H60 - General

H61 - Budget; Budget Systems

H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations

H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H75 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions

H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession

H8 - Miscellaneous Issues

H83 - Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits

H84 - Disaster Aid

I - Health, Education, and Welfare

I0 - General

I00 - General

I1 - Health

I10 - General

I12 - Health Behavior

I15 - Health and Economic Development

I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health

I2 - Education and Research Institutions

I20 - General

I21 - Analysis of Education

I22 - Educational Finance; Financial Aid

I24 - Education and Inequality

I25 - Education and Economic Development

I28 - Government Policy

I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty

I30 - General

I31 - General Welfare

I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty

I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

J - Labor and Demographic Economics

J0 - General

J01 - Labor Economics: General

J08 - Labor Economics Policies

J1 - Demographic Economics

J10 - General

J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts

J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse

J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth

J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination

J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination

J17 - Value of Life; Forgone Income

J18 - Public Policy

J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor

J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure

J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply

J23 - Labor Demand

J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity

J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies

J28 - Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy

J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

J38 - Public Policy

J4 - Particular Labor Markets

J48 - Public Policy

J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining

J58 - Public Policy

J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers

J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers

J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility

J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs

J68 - Public Policy

J8 - Labor Standards: National and International

J88 - Public Policy

K - Law and Economics

K2 - Regulation and Business Law

K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law

K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law

K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law

K34 - Tax Law

K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

K40 - General

K41 - Litigation Process

K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

L - Industrial Organization

L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms

L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks

L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices

L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior

L20 - General

L23 - Organization of Production

L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope

L26 - Entrepreneurship

L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise

L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out

L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy

L51 - Economics of Regulation

L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods

L8 - Industry Studies: Services

L82 - Entertainment; Media

L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities

L94 - Electric Utilities

L97 - Utilities: General

L98 - Government Policy

M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics

M5 - Personnel Economics

M53 - Training

N - Economic History

N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations

N10 - General, International, or Comparative

N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy

N35 - Asia including Middle East

N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries

N55 - Asia including Middle East

N57 - Africa; Oceania

N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services

N77 - Africa; Oceania

O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth

O1 - Economic Development

O10 - General

O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products

O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology

O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance

O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements

O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure

O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations

O2 - Development Planning and Policy

O20 - General

O22 - Project Analysis

O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development

O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy

O25 - Industrial Policy

O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights

O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D

O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital

O38 - Government Policy

O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

O40 - General

O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models

O43 - Institutions and Growth

O44 - Environment and Growth

O47 - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence

O5 - Economywide Country Studies

O55 - Africa

O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries

P - Economic Systems

P1 - Capitalist Systems

P14 - Property Rights

P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies

P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights

P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

P30 - General

P4 - Other Economic Systems

P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics

P46 - Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty

P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies

Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

Q0 - General

Q01 - Sustainable Development

Q1 - Agriculture

Q10 - General

Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets

Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness

Q14 - Agricultural Finance

Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment

Q16 - R&D; Agricultural Technology; Biofuels; Agricultural Extension Services

Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade

Q18 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy

Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation

Q25 - Water

Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation

Q30 - General

Q33 - Resource Booms

Q4 - Energy

Q40 - General

Q41 - Demand and Supply; Prices

Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy

Q5 - Environmental Economics

Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects

Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects

Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming

Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth

Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology

Q58 - Government Policy

R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics

R1 - General Regional Economics

R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes

R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity

R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies

R14 - Land Use Patterns

R2 - Household Analysis

R20 - General

R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics

R28 - Government Policy

R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location

R38 - Government Policy

R4 - Transportation Economics

R40 - General

R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise

R48 - Government Pricing and Policy

R5 - Regional Government Analysis

R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations

Y - Miscellaneous Categories

Y8 - Related Disciplines

Z - Other Special Topics

Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology

Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification

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Journal Article

The Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring: Does It Deepen Human Capital, Widen Inequalities, or Waste Resources? Get access

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Hai-Anh Dang and F. Halsey Rogers

The World Bank Research Observer, Volume 23, Issue 2, Fall 2008, Pages 161–200, https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkn004

Published: 18 April 2008

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