Search Results | The World Bank Research Observer | Oxford Academic

Skip to Main Content

Advertisement

Journals

Books

Sign in through your institution

Navbar Search Filter Mobile Enter search term Search

Issues
JEL
Advance articles
Submit
Purchase
About
Journals on Oxford Academic
Books on Oxford Academic

Issues
JEL

All JEL Expand Expand

A - General Economics and Teaching

A1 - General Economics

A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines

A14 - Sociology of Economics

B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches

B4 - Economic Methodology

B41 - Economic Methodology

C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General

C18 - Methodological Issues: General

C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables

C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions

C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables

C38 - Classification Methods; Cluster Analysis; Principal Components; Factor Models

C5 - Econometric Modeling

C59 - Other

C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs

C80 - General

C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data; Data Access

C83 - Survey Methods; Sampling Methods

C9 - Design of Experiments

C93 - Field Experiments

D - Microeconomics

D0 - General

D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact

D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles

D04 - Microeconomic Policy: Formulation; Implementation, and Evaluation

D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics

D10 - General

D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis

D14 - Household Saving; Personal Finance

D2 - Production and Organizations

D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis

D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity

D3 - Distribution

D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions

D6 - Welfare Economics

D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis

D62 - Externalities

D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement

D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

D72 - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption

D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions

D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness

D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory

D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory

D9 - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics

D91 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making

D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice, Investment, Capacity, and Financing

E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy

E23 - Production

E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity

E4 - Money and Interest Rates

E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems

E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

E52 - Monetary Policy

E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies

E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook

E60 - General

E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination

E62 - Fiscal Policy

E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes

F - International Economics

F0 - General

F01 - Global Outlook

F1 - Trade

F10 - General

F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade

F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations

F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade

F15 - Economic Integration

F19 - Other

F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business

F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements

F22 - International Migration

F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business

F3 - International Finance

F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements

F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems

F35 - Foreign Aid

F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration

F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance

F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics

F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission

F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies

F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy

F50 - General

F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism

F53 - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations

F55 - International Institutional Arrangements

F6 - Economic Impacts of Globalization

F61 - Microeconomic Impacts

F63 - Economic Development

F66 - Labor

G - Financial Economics

G0 - General

G01 - Financial Crises

G1 - General Financial Markets

G10 - General

G15 - International Financial Markets

G18 - Government Policy and Regulation

G2 - Financial Institutions and Services

G20 - General

G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies

G23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors

G28 - Government Policy and Regulation

G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance

G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation

G38 - Government Policy and Regulation

H - Public Economics

H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government

H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H20 - General

H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies

H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies

H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance

H27 - Other Sources of Revenue

H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents

H31 - Household

H32 - Firm

H4 - Publicly Provided Goods

H41 - Public Goods

H43 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate

H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

H52 - Government Expenditures and Education

H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs

H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock

H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions

H56 - National Security and War

H57 - Procurement

H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt

H60 - General

H61 - Budget; Budget Systems

H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations

H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H75 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions

H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession

H8 - Miscellaneous Issues

H83 - Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits

H84 - Disaster Aid

I - Health, Education, and Welfare

I0 - General

I00 - General

I1 - Health

I10 - General

I12 - Health Behavior

I15 - Health and Economic Development

I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health

I2 - Education and Research Institutions

I20 - General

I21 - Analysis of Education

I22 - Educational Finance; Financial Aid

I24 - Education and Inequality

I25 - Education and Economic Development

I28 - Government Policy

I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty

I30 - General

I31 - General Welfare

I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty

I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

J - Labor and Demographic Economics

J0 - General

J01 - Labor Economics: General

J08 - Labor Economics Policies

J1 - Demographic Economics

J10 - General

J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts

J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse

J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth

J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination

J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination

J17 - Value of Life; Forgone Income

J18 - Public Policy

J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor

J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure

J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply

J23 - Labor Demand

J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity

J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies

J28 - Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy

J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

J38 - Public Policy

J4 - Particular Labor Markets

J48 - Public Policy

J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining

J58 - Public Policy

J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers

J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers

J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility

J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs

J68 - Public Policy

J8 - Labor Standards: National and International

J88 - Public Policy

K - Law and Economics

K2 - Regulation and Business Law

K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law

K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law

K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law

K34 - Tax Law

K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

K40 - General

K41 - Litigation Process

K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

L - Industrial Organization

L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms

L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks

L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices

L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior

L20 - General

L23 - Organization of Production

L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope

L26 - Entrepreneurship

L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise

L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out

L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy

L51 - Economics of Regulation

L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods

L8 - Industry Studies: Services

L82 - Entertainment; Media

L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities

L94 - Electric Utilities

L97 - Utilities: General

L98 - Government Policy

M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics

M5 - Personnel Economics

M53 - Training

N - Economic History

N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations

N10 - General, International, or Comparative

N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy

N35 - Asia including Middle East

N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries

N55 - Asia including Middle East

N57 - Africa; Oceania

N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services

N77 - Africa; Oceania

O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth

O1 - Economic Development

O10 - General

O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products

O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology

O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance

O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements

O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure

O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations

O2 - Development Planning and Policy

O20 - General

O22 - Project Analysis

O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development

O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy

O25 - Industrial Policy

O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights

O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D

O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital

O38 - Government Policy

O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

O40 - General

O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models

O43 - Institutions and Growth

O44 - Environment and Growth

O47 - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence

O5 - Economywide Country Studies

O55 - Africa

O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries

P - Economic Systems

P1 - Capitalist Systems

P14 - Property Rights

P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies

P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights

P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

P30 - General

P4 - Other Economic Systems

P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics

P46 - Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty

P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies

Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

Q0 - General

Q01 - Sustainable Development

Q1 - Agriculture

Q10 - General

Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets

Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness

Q14 - Agricultural Finance

Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment

Q16 - R&D; Agricultural Technology; Biofuels; Agricultural Extension Services

Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade

Q18 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy

Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation

Q25 - Water

Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation

Q30 - General

Q33 - Resource Booms

Q4 - Energy

Q40 - General

Q41 - Demand and Supply; Prices

Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy

Q5 - Environmental Economics

Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects

Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects

Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming

Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth

Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology

Q58 - Government Policy

R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics

R1 - General Regional Economics

R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes

R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity

R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies

R14 - Land Use Patterns

R2 - Household Analysis

R20 - General

R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics

R28 - Government Policy

R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location

R38 - Government Policy

R4 - Transportation Economics

R40 - General

R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise

R48 - Government Pricing and Policy

R5 - Regional Government Analysis

R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations

Y - Miscellaneous Categories

Y8 - Related Disciplines

Z - Other Special Topics

Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology

Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification

Browse all content Browse content in
Advance articles
Submit
Purchase
About

Close

Navbar Search Filter Enter search term Search

Advanced Search

AI Discovery Assistant

Skip to results

Modify your search

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

OR

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

OR

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

OR

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

OR

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

OR

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Availability

Availability

All content I have access to

Purchased
Free

NARROW

Format

Facet list

Journal Article (1)

Type

Facet list

Research Article (1)

Section

Find a Section

The list will update as you type

Facet list

Articles (1)

Publication date

Date Range

Published
Updated

Date range

Single date

From Select month

To Select month

Publication date

1-1 of 1

Authors: Alexandra Avdeenko

Save search

Follow your search

Access your saved searches in your account

saved search image

Name your search

Follow this search

Would you like to receive an alert when new items match your search?

Save search

Sort by

Sort Order Select

Journal Article

Measuring Violent Conflict in Micro-level Surveys: Current Practices and Methodological Challenges Get access

PDF

Tilman Brück and others

The World Bank Research Observer, Volume 31, Issue 1, February 2016, Pages 29–58, https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkv011

Published: 18 August 2015

Advertisement

Email alerts

New journal issues

New journal articles

Sign up for marketing

Perform this search in

Journals Journals

Books Books

Oxford Academic Oxford Academic

Advertisement

Advertisement

Advertisement

About The World Bank Research Observer
Editorial Board
Policies
Author Guidelines
Contact Us

Facebook
X (formerly Twitter)
LinkedIn
Instagram
Tumblr

Purchase
Recommend to your Library
Advertising and Corporate Services

Online ISSN 1564-6971
Print ISSN 0257-3032
Copyright © 2025 World Bank

About Oxford Academic
Publish journals with us
University press partners
What we publish
New features

For authors
Open access
Purchasing
Institutional account management
Rights and permissions

Get help with access
Accessibility
Contact us
Advertising
Media enquiries

Oxford University Press
News
Oxford Languages
University of Oxford

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

Copyright © 2025 Oxford University Press
Cookie policy
Privacy policy
Legal notice

Close

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

Sign In or Create an Account

Close

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

View Article Abstract & Purchase Options

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.

Close