Comparison of microbiome differences in six patients pre- and post-vancomycin exposure. (A) Cladogram, generated from LEfSe analysis, represents taxa with enriched representation (P < 0.05) in 12 samples from the six patients (green: pre-vancomycin; red: 7 days post-vancomycin). The central points represent the root of the tree (Bacteria and Archaea), and each ring represents the next lower taxonomic level (phylum through genus). The diameter of each circle represents the relative abundance of the taxon. The strategy of multiclass analysis is the strict (all classes differential) analysis. Histogram of the LDA scores computed for features differentially abundant by vancomycin exposure status. LEfSe detects 10 microbial biomarkers with abundance differential in different time points. Pre-D7: predialysis Day 7; Pre-28: predialysis Day 28. (B) Cladogram, generated from LEfSe analysis, represents taxa with enriched representation (P < 0.05) in 12 samples from the six patients (green: pre-vancomycin; red: 28 days post-vancomycin). Histogram of the LDA scores computed for features differentially abundant by vancomycin exposure status. LEfSe detects seven microbial biomarkers with abundance differential in different time points.