Recent demographic history and species distribution models of golden snub-nosed monkeys. (a) ∂a∂i simulations showing the recent demographic history of golden snub-nosed monkeys using IM-pre models. Y in brackets denotes years and I in brackets denotes individuals. (b) Relative cross coalescence rates (CCR) for the Shennongjia (SNJ) and Qinling-Minshan-Qionglai (non-SNJ) populations divergence within Golden snub-nosed monkeys. (c) Species distribution models of golden snub-nosed monkeys. Present occurrences (Upper left), fossil records (green triangles), and the Mid-Holocene (∼6 kya), LGM (∼21 kya), and LIG (∼120–140 kya) species distribution predictions of golden snub-nosed monkeys made using occurrence records (black dots) and the climatic and elevation variables. Areas in red indicate the most suitable environmental conditions and those in blue are background areas (values ranging from 0 to 1). The red line is the value of seasonal changes in temperature (standard deviation × 100), which has the highest contribution among the 19 climatic variables used.