Figure 15.
The distributions of separations (semimajor axes) of multiple systems with solar and intermediate-mass primaries (M1 > 0.5 M⊙; left-hand panel), M-dwarf primaries (M1 = 0.1 − 0.5 M⊙; centre panel) and VLM primaries (M1 < 0.1 M⊙; right-hand panel) for the combined sample from the three calculations with the highest opacities (Z ≥ 0.1 Z⊙). The solid, double hatched, and single hatched histograms give the orbital separations of binaries, triples, and quadruples, respectively (each triple contributes two separations, each quadruple contributes three separations). The solid curve gives the M-dwarf separation distribution (scaled to match the area) from the M-dwarf survey of Janson et al. (2012), the dotted curve gives the separation distribution for solar-type primaries of Raghavan et al. (2010), and the open histogram in the VLM plot gives the separation distribution of the VLM binary systems from the list at http://vlmbinaries.org/. The vertical dotted line gives the resolution limit of the calculations as determined by the accretion radii of the sink particles.

The distributions of separations (semimajor axes) of multiple systems with solar and intermediate-mass primaries (M1 > 0.5 M; left-hand panel), M-dwarf primaries (M1 = 0.1 − 0.5 M; centre panel) and VLM primaries (M1 < 0.1 M; right-hand panel) for the combined sample from the three calculations with the highest opacities (Z ≥ 0.1 Z). The solid, double hatched, and single hatched histograms give the orbital separations of binaries, triples, and quadruples, respectively (each triple contributes two separations, each quadruple contributes three separations). The solid curve gives the M-dwarf separation distribution (scaled to match the area) from the M-dwarf survey of Janson et al. (2012), the dotted curve gives the separation distribution for solar-type primaries of Raghavan et al. (2010), and the open histogram in the VLM plot gives the separation distribution of the VLM binary systems from the list at http://vlmbinaries.org/. The vertical dotted line gives the resolution limit of the calculations as determined by the accretion radii of the sink particles.

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