Stage- and location-specific rates of evolution. Estimated as d_N/d_S, for predicted non-membrane (solid bars) and membrane (shaded bars) proteins expressed in sexual (male, female) and asexual blood stage malaria parasites. Genes were classified according to their exclusive detection in P. berghei proteomes of Males, Females, Asexual Stages or All Stages (see Fig. 1), The rates of evolution were determined by comparison of genes of the following pairs of Plasmodium species: P. berghei and P. yoelii (A); P. falciparum and P. reichenowi (B); P. vivax and P. knowlesi (C).