(A) Observed and predicted average RS in valid and invalid trials as a function of the precision-dependent attentional weight parameter |$\alpha $| (attention to cued location; calculated for the group average values). Error bars depict standard errors of the mean (SEM). The lines correspond to the predictions using the average response model parameters, over subjects. (B) Illustration of how the observed RS costs after invalid cueing translate into RT differences (in ms).