Behavioural results. (A) Unconscious relational retrieval. Displayed is the percentage of fit responses given to intact and broken word pairs at test. Controls (n = 11), but not amnesic patients (n = 11), gave significantly more fit responses to intact than broken word pairs; they needed nine encoding trials for this result. *P < 0.05. (B) Conscious and unconscious verbal relational encoding and retrieval were marginally correlated, which is consistent with the view that the hippocampal memory system serves both conscious and unconscious encoding/retrieval. This was true for the entire sample consisting of controls and patients (n = 22; r = 0.349, P_one-tailed = 0.056) and for the patients alone (n = 11; r = 0.442, P_one-tailed = 0.087). (C) Unconscious relational memory dissociates from unconscious single word memory. We tested for the stochastic independence of unconscious single word memory (Δ mean RTs in ms to related versus unrelated supraliminal words) and unconscious relational memory (Δ % of fit responses to intact versus broken pairs following 9-trial encoding) by computing two regression analyses using each type of retrieval performance to predict the other. Single word memory was not correlated with relational memory (all participants, n = 22, r = −0.176, P = 0.432). Intercepts in both regression analyses were significant, which indicates that performance on each type of memory was still significantly above chance if performance on the other type of memory was at chance level. n.s. = not significant. RT = reaction time.