Serum concentration of TNF. Rats were treated with AMD (400 mg/kg, ip) or vehicle and 16 h later with LPS (1.6 × 10⁶ EU/kg, iv) or saline. Blood samples were collected at 2 or 4 h after LPS administration. Serum concentrations of TNF were measured with ELISA. # indicates significantly different from respective groups not given LPS; * indicates significantly different from respective group not given AMD. p < 0.05, n =5–8.