Unadjusted cumulative hazard estimates of the association between (a) psychosocial and (b) physical work demands and all-cause mortality, stratified by sex and cohort. The hazard functions were visualized using the Nelson–Aalen analysis. In each cohort and in both sexes, the cumulative hazards of death increased during the follow-up period, measured in years. ELSA, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; FLAME, Finnish Longitudinal Study of Aging Municipal Employees; GAZEL, GAZ and Electricité.