Functional enrichment analysis of DEGs in the female migraine patients group versus female healthy controls (N = 14). DEGs were sorted based on their log₂FC value resulting in a pre-ranked gene list that was further used in a GSEA. Only pathways with an FDR < 0.05 were selected as statistically significant. Bar graph of pathway analysis according to Reactome database using WebGestalt software (A). Upregulated genes and associated pathways network (B). FDR, false discovery rate; log₂FC, log 2-fold change.