Distribution of DEGs between different migraine groups and controls. Volcano plots of DEGs between migraine patients and controls (N = 27) (A), female migraine patients and female controls (N = 14) (B), MwoA patients and controls (N = 21) (C), female MwoA patients and controls (N = 10) (D), MwA patients and controls (N = 18) (E), female MwA patients and controls (N = 10) (F). Volcano plot displaying individual genes, with a significant threshold of |log₂FC| ≥ 1 and adjusted P-value < 0.05. Magenta and green dots represent downregulated and upregulated DEGs, respectively.