Threshold for catastrophic disruption over particle size for various materials and velocities, as reported by Benz & Asphaug (1999), Leinhardt & Stewart (2009), and Nakamura et al. (2015), shown alongside the constraint from our model fitting. These |$Q_\mathrm{D}^\star$| laws are plotted solid at sizes |$>$|1 cm, the regime where these relations are founded in experiments or numerical simulation, and dashed at the extrapolated smaller sizes. Also depicted is the preferred |$Q_\mathrm{D}^\star$| prescription by Pokorný et al. (2024) (dash–dotted line), constrained by fitting JFC dust models to Solar system observables.