Differential expression of all known microRNA (miRNAs) using Affymetrix chip analysis and their enriched pathways in milk-derived extracellular vesicles (MDEs) based on different inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatments. (A) Heatmap showing significantly upregulated or downregulated miRNAs with fold changes greater than 2.0 in MDEs from mothers with IBD who received anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment compared to untreated mothers. (B) and (C) Pathway enrichment analysis showed miRNAs that were reduced in anti-TNF treated mothers compared to untreated, performed using the Enrichment Analysis and Annotation Tool (miEAA).