CD4⁺ T cells: CD14⁺ monocyte complexes are more activated with higher proportions of TH17 cells than singlet CD4⁺ T cells. (A) Two-dimensional plot of mass cytometry data shows the gating of naïve and memory subsets of CD4⁺ T cells in complex with CD14⁺ monocytes (Naïve, CD45RO^- CCR7⁺; TCM, CD45RO⁺ CCR7⁺; TEM CD45RO⁺ CCR7^-; TEMRA CD45RO^- CCR7^-). Gating for CD4⁺ T cells is shown in Fig. S1A. (B) Dot plots show the proportions of naïve and memory cells in CD4⁺ T cell-CD14⁺ monocyte complexes in all participants (left) and in non-diabetic (n=14) and prediabetic/diabetic PLWH (n=24). (C) Representative plots showing CD137/OX40 on CD4⁺ T cell-CD14⁺ monocyte complexes and CD4⁺ T cells stratified by diabetes. (D) Dot plots show % CD137⁺ OX40⁺ cells on CD4⁺ T cells and CD4⁺ T cell-CD14⁺ monocyte complexes. (E) Dot plots show % HLA-DR⁺ CD38⁺ cells on CD4⁺ T cells and CD4⁺ T cell-CD14⁺ monocyte complexes. (F) Correlation plots showing the relationships between fasting blood glucose and % CD137⁺ OX40⁺ cells on CD4⁺ T cells and CD4⁺ T cell-CD14⁺ complexes. Similar plots of CD38⁺ HLA-DR⁺ expressing cells on CD4⁺ T cells and CD4⁺ T cell-CD14⁺ monocyte complexes are shown. (G) Violin plots show higher proportions of activated CD137⁺ OX40⁺ cells among CD3⁺ T cell-CD14⁺ monocyte complexes than CD3⁺ T cells, CD8⁺ T cells, and CD4⁺ T cells. (H) Violin plots show higher proportions of TH17 cells among CD3⁺ T cell-CD14⁺ monocyte complexes than singlet CD4⁺ T cells. (I) PLWH with pre-diabetes/diabetes have a higher proportion of TH2 (CRTH2/CCR4), TH17 (CCR6/CD161), and TH1 (CXCR3) cells as a proportion of CD3⁺ T cell-CD14⁺ monocyte complexes compared to non-diabetic PLWH. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test (D–E), Spearman correlation (F), and the Kruskal-Wallis test (G–I).