CD3⁺ T cell-CD14⁺ monocyte complexes from PLWH are dynamic. (A) Phase-contrast microscopy of sorted CD3⁺ CD14⁺ T cell-monocyte complexes at time 0. (B) The Pie chart shows the percentage of CD14⁺ monocytes stably associated with T cells, transiently associated with T cells, or not associated with T cells over 4.5 hours. (C, D) Insets of stable complexes, right-hand panel shows the time overlay with the larger circle depicting monocytes and smaller circle depicting T cells. The asterisk (*) in C marks a T cell that proliferates. Scale bars—purple pseudo color defines T cell and green marks the monocyte. (E) Time series demonstrating transient interactions between CD14⁺ monocyte and three T cells (marked 1,2,3). The arrowheads and numbers mark the point of interactions between CD14⁺ monocytes and T cells. (F) TEM of CD3⁺ T cell-CD14⁺ monocyte complexes. Inset highlights ultrastructural cell-cell interactions (i) and (ii) and the presence of 100 nm diameter particles (black arrow). (G) TEM of CD3⁺ T cell among sorted CD3⁺ T cell-CD14⁺ monocyte complexes 3 days post-culture. Enlarged image (i) highlighting 100nm diameter particles (black arrow). Scale bars are 50 µm A, 20 µm C-E, 4 µM F, 500 nm F(i), F(ii), G (i), and 1 µm G. See Videos S1–S3.