Effects of photoperiod on JH synthesis and JH-related gene expression in C. nipponensis. (A) The JH III (ng/g female lacewings) in C. nipponensis reared under LD and SD photoperiod. Expression profiles of Jhamt (B), Kr-h1 (C), and Vg (D) in intact C. nipponensis reared under LD and SD photoperiod. Data are shown as mean ± SE. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the statistical significance of the difference between the means of the two treatment groups (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). *indicates that the gene expression of C. nipponensis is significantly different on the same day under the long and short photoperiods (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01), LD: long-day (15:9 h light:dark); SD: short-day (9:15 h light: dark).