Figure 2:
Main mechanisms by which CKD-related disorders promote VC. α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin. GAA, guanidine acetic acid; HCY, homocysteine; IS, indoxyl-sulfate; PCS, paracresyl sulfate; Pi, inorganic phosphate; PPi, pyrophosphate; MG, methylguanidine; ALP: alkaline phosphatase.

Main mechanisms by which CKD-related disorders promote VC. α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin. GAA, guanidine acetic acid; HCY, homocysteine; IS, indoxyl-sulfate; PCS, paracresyl sulfate; Pi, inorganic phosphate; PPi, pyrophosphate; MG, methylguanidine; ALP: alkaline phosphatase.

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