Figure 2.
Diagrams showing the multimodal mechanisms of action of TTFields on cancer cells determined from preclinical studies, including disruption of mitosis, enhancement of anti-tumor immunity, interference with cell motility, DNA replication stress, inhibition of DNA damage repair, and induction of increased cell permeability in cancer cells and at the blood–brain barrier.

The anticancer effects of TTFields originate from a multimodal mechanism of action. TTFields multimodal mechanism of action impairs mitosis, the DNA damage response, and cell motility, and enhances antitumor immunity and cell and BBB permeability. Reused with permission from 2024 Novocure GmbH—all rights reserved. Abbreviations: ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BBB, blood–brain barrier; BRCA, breast cancer protein 1 or 2; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FANC, Fanconi anemia complementation group; GBM, glioblastoma; HGG, high-grade glioma; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1 protein; PECAM-1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1; Rho, Ras-homologous protein family; ROCK, Rho-associated protein kinase; TTFields, Tumor Treating Fields.

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