Inverse probability-weighted hazard ratios for nonfatal or fatal opioid overdose (blue), opioid use disorder (orange), and combined outcome of opioid use disorder or opioid overdose (green). Comparing individuals initiating ADF ER/LAs to those initiating, reinitiating, or continuing non-ADF ER/LA opioids in North Carolina, 2010-2018, using ITT (left) and per-protocol (right) approaches. ADF, abuse-deterrent formulation of opioid analgesics; ER/LA, extended-release/long-acting formulations of opioid analgesics; HR, hazard ratio; ITT, intent to treat; OUD, opioid use disorder.