SFO airport-wide albedo, surface temperature and characteristics, and locations of interest. A) Albedo in 2023 at 10 m by 10 m resolution derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, B) land surface temperature averaged for summer months in 2020–2023 at 30 m by 30 m resolution derived from 100-m by 100-m Landsat 8 satellite imaging, C) representative locations of interest (circles), as identified by airport stakeholders. The figure also shows an example reduction in air temperature from high albedo-increase scenario at SFO 1300 PDT on 2020 August 17 (darkest blue: −3.25 °C; lightest blue: −0.5 °C or smaller), and D) proportion of surface types at SFO based on existing geospatial land-use and land-cover data, described in the Supplemental Methods.