Flow diagram of participants in this study. ^aData on maternal history of diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes mellitus were obtained from medical records during early pregnancy. ^bData on maternal smoking status was obtained from the questionnaire during early pregnancy. ^cData on maternal blood glucose levels and dates of measurements were obtained from medical records of prenatal health check-ups. ^dData on multiple pregnancies was obtained from medical records at delivery and hospitalization. ^eData on chromosomal aberrations in children were obtained from the questionnaire at the age of 1 month. ^fData on developmental delay in children were obtained from a questionnaire at the age of 2 years.