Tracking systems in European countries and PATHS prevalence. Panel (a): early school-based tracking. Panel (b): PATHS usage in European primary education Notes: This figure provides a stylized overview of tracking systems in Europe and PATHS usage in European primary education. Panel (a) highlights differences in tracking age from primary to secondary education. Green indicates all countries in which students are tracked into different schools to follow distinct educational pathways or specific types of education between the ages of 10 and 14. Blue indicates countries for which this is not the case. Information about tracking systems stems from the European Commission (2019, 2022). Panel (b) highlights the European countries in which at least one primary school implemented the PATHS programme. Coverage is based on the following studies: Humphrey et al. (2016), Malti et al. (2011), Goossens et al. (2012), Morganti and Signorelli (2016), and Novak et al. (2017). Moreover, we used information given in a report by the Oregon Addiction and Mental Health Services and Washington Division of Behavioral Health and Recovery (2012).