Population dynamics. Ratios of (A) virus and host, (B) virophage and host, and (C) virophage and virus in the control treatment (first column), in the pulse treatment receiving a one-time stressor addition on Day 26 (second column; red dotted line), and disturbance treatment where the stressor was added continuously after Day 26 (third column). The four replicates per treatment and ratio are presented by different shades (green: Control; grey: Pulse, orange: Disturbance). The grey lines represent virus and virophage addition. The last column of graphs represents the harmonic means of the ratio. Asterisks indicate statistical differences between treatments as determined by Tukey’s posthoc tests (P < 0.05).