The performance on intra-dataset validation. (a) The AUC values of OligoFormer and the other six methods on Huesken, Mixset, and Takayuki datasets in 5-fold validation. The black vertical line represents standard error bar, and the star above it indicates the best AUC. (b) The PRC values of OligoFormer and the other six methods on Huesken, Mixset, and Takayuki datasets in 5-fold validation. (c) The F1 scores of OligoFormer and the other six methods on Huesken, Mixset, and Takayuki datasets in 5-fold validation. (d) The PCC of OligoFormer and the other six methods on Huesken, Mixset, and Takayuki datasets in 5-fold validation.