Representative illustration of different categories of sex dependencies in disease-associated molecular abundance changes (using simulated data). Top left: Sex-specific changes, i.e. changes that are significant only in one sex and do not approach significance in the other sex; top right: Sex-dimorphic changes, i.e. significant changes in both sexes with opposite direction of effect between the sexes; lower left: Sex-modulated changes, i.e. significant changes in both sexes with the same direction of the effect, but a significant difference in the magnitude of the effect; bottom right: Sex-neutral changes, i.e. significant changes in both sexes with the same direction and similar magnitude of effect.