Comprehensive prediction of cytokine dynamics in response to albumin–TMA complex over a 14-day period as simulated by UISS-TOX3. This figure details the fluctuations in key cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IL-17, IL-1, TNF, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-23. Notably, there are significant elevations in IL-4 and IL-17, suggesting both strong TH2-mediated responses and potential involvement in inflammatory processes. The presence of varied cytokine responses underscores the complex interplay of immune signalling pathways, with implications for understanding the inflammatory and allergic responses to respiratory sensitizers like TMA.