Distribution of EFAs by payment scheme in 2017. (a) Area share enrolled in an action-based biodiversity scheme. (b) Area share enrolled in an action-based scheme also qualifying for result-based payments across EFA categories. (c) Area share enrolled in a result-based biodiversity scheme. Source: Authors’ illustrations using data from FOAG (2019). Notes: The data are based on a statistical public report that informs about the state of biodiversity schemes for the population of Swiss farms. The EFA categories presented here can differ from those used in the SAEDN. Vine area with natural diversity only receives result-based payments. The share for this category is therefore 100 per cent in Figure 1b.