The visual representation of results obtained from the differential expression analysis. (A) The MA plot illustrates the relationship between gene average expression (x-axis) and fold change (y-axis). (B) The volcano plot showcases the relationship between gene fold change (x-axis) and statistical significance (P-value) (y-axis). For both the MA plot and the Vocalno plot, each point on the plot represents a gene, colored based on its significance. (C) The Venn diagram compares the list of DE genes identified by the four differential analysis methods (limma, t-test, edgeR and DESeq2) applied to the same dataset. (D) The heatmap displays the log2 fold-change of genes along with their −log10 P-values obtained from the four methods. In each plot, the microarray analysis result is shown on the left panel (GSE5281), while the RNA–seq analysis result is shown on the right panel (GSE153873).