Temporal ectopic expression of MOF1 in the tapetum causes male sterility in rice. A) Expression levels of EAT1 were analyzed using RT-qPCR in H1 S7 to S11 anthers. B) Schematic diagram depicting expression patterns of MOF1, key tapetal genes, and pEAT1::MOF1. C) Expression levels of MOF1 in 4 independent pEAT1::MOF1 lines and the wild-type E231 control. D) Seed setting rates in 4 independent pEAT1::MOF1 lines and wild-type E231 control. E) Spikelets with lemmas and paleas removed (Bars = 0.5 mm). F) Mature pollen grains of the indicated genotypes stained with I₂/KI (Bars = 20 μm). The error bars indicate the Sd (A, C) and Se D) with n ≥ 3. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.01, 1-way ANOVA, Lsd test).