Ependymal cells of the forebrain in Gallus domesticus E10 embryos exposed to pyriproxyfen. A, Ultrastructure of ependymal cells showing cell body (dashed line delineates the cells) and cilia and microvilli (black arrowhead). B, Top view of the ependymal layer showing cilia and microvilli. C, Lateral view of the ependymal layer (white arrowhead). D, Area of cilia and microvilli in ependymal cells (n = 3 brains/6 micrographs/PPF concentration) shown in images (B). E, Measurement of ependymal cell axes, shown in images (C). F, Cell architecture of groups exposed to 0.00 mg/l PPF. G and H, Exposed groups (0.01 and 10 mg/l PPF) showing ependymal cells with cell membrane rupture (white arrow), perinuclear space dilatation (black arrow), Golgi bodies, and endoplasmic reticulum with cisternae dilatation, mitochondria with loss of cristae, and cytoplasmic vacuolization. ER, endoplasmic reticulum; G, Golgi bodies; M, mitochondria; N, nucleus; V, vacuolation. Scale bar in A, B, and F = 1 μm; in C = 10 μm; in G, H = 0.2 μm. Mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). * p < .05, ** p < .01, **** p < .0001.