Heatmap of the zero CAC and non-zero CAC cases. The heatmap illustrates the application of our proposed method using deep learning system employing a contrastive learning strategy. The images in the first column represent participants with CAC score = 0, while the following two columns of images depict participants with CAC score > 0. (A) The breast tissue is exceptionally dense with no other abnormalities detected. (B) There are scattered fibroglandular densities in both breasts, along with benign calcifications in left breast. (C) Almost entirely fatty breasts parenchyma is observed, with benign vascular calcifications in both breasts. Please note that our model relied on CAC scores extracted from radiologists’ reports, rather than the images themselves.