Modification of metabolic cascades of the ileal microbiome by phytobiotics using the GKGMC as a reference. A, PCoA analysis of microbial taxonomy and function among control, antibiotics and phytobiotics based on bray–Curtis dissimilarity; B, relative abundance of genus-level composition of ileal microbiota; C, abundance of genes involved in lactate and butyrate production and their phylogenetic distributions at the genus level; D, counts of selected CAZyme-encoding genes in the 46 differentially enriched genomes identified for phytobiotics vs. control, and antibiotics vs. control. The most prevalent assigned genera in these genomes are denoted on the right.