Present-day modelled coral fossil elevations produced after forcing the coral model with GMSL histories, and associated GIA and growth effects. (a) Range of coral elevations at each Bahamian site (Abaco Island, pink; San Salvador, blue; Great Inagua, teal) and across all sites in western Australia (grey), for observed (dotted) and modelled (solid) corals across all GMSL histories. For western Australia, we mark the upper elevation range of corals within 2 standard deviations of the mean. (b–d) Present-day modelled coral fossil elevations after forcing the coral model with subsets of GMSL histories. We note the number (n) of GMSL histories represented, that is those that produce corals dating to the LIG at sites included in the Hibbert database (Hibbert et al. 2016), in each subset. Individual corals are indicated with squares (not eroded after 115 ka) and triangles (eroded after 115 ka). In (b), peak type and timing are held constant while only varying the GMSL highstand. In (c), peak timing and GMSL highstand are held constant while only varying the type and in (d) peak type and GMSL highstand are held constant while only varying the peak timing. (e–g) Same as b–d, for GIA effects of modelled corals (eustatic sea level subtracted from RSL at time of coral death). (h–j) Same as b–d, for the coral growth effect (RSL at time of coral death subtracted from present-day coral elevation).