Present-day modelled coral fossil elevation distributions and associated GIA and growth effects. (a) Present-day modelled coral elevations at all sites in the Bahamas produced by two GMSL histories (early ascending GMSL peak, Fig. 6a; intermediate ascending GMSL peak, Fig. 6b). GMSL highstands (∼9 m) are shown with horizontal blue lines. Corals that experienced post-LIG erosion (erosion after 115 ka) are indicated with triangles. (b) GIA effect (eustatic sea level subtracted from RSL at time of coral death) of present-day modelled corals forced by two GMSL histories. (c) Same as (b), for the coral growth effect (RSL at time of coral death subtracted from present-day coral elevation). (d–f) Same as a–c, for western Australia.