Ensemble of LIG GMSL histories. (a) Range of sampled GMSL histories. Three patterns of sea level change are assumed during the Last Interglacial (a; red box). For each simulation of MIS 5d-a, only three values are sampled (possible histories are shown by dashed lines, 110–80 ka). Every ensemble member adopts an identical GMSL history from 70 ka to present (solid black line). The possible patterns of Last Interglacial sea level are (right-hand panels): single peak (b), ascending peak (c), and oscillating peak (d). For the ascending peak, preceding the final (highest) peak, there is a 2 kyr period of stability. The different shades of colour in each inset (b and c) refer to the timing of the peak highstand(s): early (light shading), intermediate (medium shading) and late (dark shading) (see Table 2). Bounding values of the sampled GMSL histories for a given timing and peak type are shown with dashed black lines. For (b) and (d), an illustrative GMSL curve with late timing is shown in solid black.