Admixture modeling of admixed African cattle breeds with qpAdm. We performed 2-way admixture modeling using qpAdm for African cattle breeds, with Muturu as the African taurine source and either North Indian indicine Sahiwal (A, Model I and C, Model III) or Southeast Asian indicine Jian (B, Model II) as the indicine source. For A) and B), we used the base set of reference populations: African buffalo, British aurochs, Balkan_Neolithic, and Shimao_High. For C), we add Jian as an additional reference population to the base set. Upper and lower panels harbor East and West African breeds, respectively. In each panel, the target African cattle breed is marked on the left side and the qpAdm P-value is indicated on the right side. P-values with asterisk (*) refer to unsuccessful models (P < 0.05). Horizontal bars represent ±1 standard error measures estimated by 5-cM block jackknifing.