A, Graphical representation of exposure paradigm. Echocardiographic data obtained on gestational day 18.5 in filtered air (FA) or ozone (O₃)-exposed dams (Figure made with Biorender). B, Maternal cardiac parameters, collected in a standardized range of heart rates, present with unaltered cardiac output but significant reduction in stroke volume and ejection fraction in dams exposed to 1 ppm O₃ on GD10.5. C, Fetal cardiac parameters at GD18.5 show no significant changes after maternal O₃ exposure to 1 ppm O₃ at GD10.5. Asterisks (*) indicate a significant difference from FA controls (p < .05) by Student’s t test.