To measure dorsal height (DH), a line was drawn from the medial canthus to the alar crease, and a perpendicular line was drawn from this line to reach the rhinion. This second line was the dorsal height. Using again the line drawn from the medial canthus to the alar crease, radix height (RH) was measured perpendicularly from this line to the nasion. Nasal length (NL) was measured from the nasion along the dorsum to the pronasale. Nasal tip projection (NTP) was measured from a line drawn perpendicularly from the white line to the pronasale. A reference length (RL) defined as the distance between the pupil and the lateral commissure was measured. To account for the variability in the objective distance, size and magnification of each photograph, dorsal height, radix height, nasal length, and nasal tip projection were reported as a ratio to this reference line. The nasofrontal (NFA) was the angle between the line used to measure nasal length along the dorsum and a line tangent to the glabella. The nasolabial angle (NLA) was the angle between a line on the anterior surface of the columella and a line on the surface of the upper-lip skin.