Pre-operative assessment before non-cardiac surgery.

CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; ECG, electrocardiogram; N, no; NCS, non-cardiac surgery. Y, yes; ^aCV risk factors: hypertension, smoking, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, family history of CVD. ^bBiomarkers: hs-cTn T/I (Class I) and/or BNP/NT-proBNP (Class IIa). If pathological, consult a cardiologist. ^cFunctional capacity based on Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) or the ability to climb two flights of stairs. ^dFor diagnostic and therapeutic efforts to be considered, see Section 6. ^eClose follow-up after intervention and subsequent management of heart disease are advised.