Seismicity distribution on the northwestern edge of South America from 1970 to 2019, at depth < 100 km and M_w < 7.0 (Engdahl et al. 2020; SGC 2021). Earthquake focal mechanism solutions are from SGC (2021). Red rectangles show the location and width of the AA’ and BB’ cross-sections. NPDF and SPDF, North and South Panama Deformed Belts. Bottom figures: Earthquake hypocentres (balck dots) along AA’ and BB’ cross-sections. Grey and Blue curves indicate sea surface and topography along cross-sections, and dashed oranges lines are our proposed dip angle for the Caribbean Plate subduction interface. OAF, Oca-Ancon fault.